Indigenous Thinkers

Beginning researchers interested in exploring and evaluating published material concerning the Chiricahua Apaches are often faced with so much information that they become dismayed, intimidated, or overwhelmed. Below is an annotated bibliography that should be a useful tool, not only for newcomers to the field but for all interested scholars. The inventory is "selected" simply because the wealth of available material is beyond the scope of any one bibliographer to document; volumes are added almost on a monthly basis. In looking over this material it is important to remember that good books by credible authors may not have been included, and that is my fault. I present here only those works with which I am familiar and have found informative, and hope the list will help researchers create their own index of books they prefer about one of America's most famous Indian tribes.

Bibliography

Adams, Alexander B. Geronimo: A Biography. New York: Putnam Press, 1971.

Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1991.

 

Offers the first comprehensive account of the dispiriting effort to "civilize" Indian children. This book vividly details the day-to-day experiences of youths living in a "total institution" designed to reconstruct them, both psychologically and culturally. Based upon extensive use of government archives, Indian and teacher autobiographies, and school newspapers, this award-winning book is essential reading for anyone interested in western history.

 

Altschuler, Constance W., ed. Latest from Arizona! The Hesperian Letters,

1859-1861. Tucson: Arizona Pioneers Historical Society, 1969.

----. Chains of Command: Arizona and the Army, 1856-1875. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1981. [End Page 153]

----. Starting with Defiance: Nineteenth Century Arizona Military Posts. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1983.

----. Cavalry Yellow and Infantry Blue: Army Officers in Arizona between 1851 and 1886. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1991.

Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Indian Southwest 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.

 

Anderson argues that in the face of European conquest and severe droughts that had reduced their food sources, Indians in the Southwest proved remarkably adaptable and dynamic, remaining independent and even prospering. He discusses the techniques some tribes used to survive the Spanish onslaught, and how they forged new alliances, built trade networks, and incorporated remnant bands to increase their populations.

 

Arnold, Elliot. Blood Brother. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

 

A classic work, made into a popular movie called "Broken Arrow" (which was accurate, more or less, with the exception of the romance between Jeffords and a young Chiricahua Apache woman).Austerman, Wayne R. Sharps, Rifles, and Spanish Mules: The San Antonio-El Paso Mail, 1851-1881 . College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1985.

 

Baker, Betty. Settlers & Strangers: Native Americans of the Desert Southwest and History as They Saw It. New York: Macmillan, 1977.

Baldwin, Gordon C. The Warrior Apaches: A Story of the Chiricahua and Western

Apaches. Tucson: King Press, 1965.

----. The Apache Indians: Raiders of the Southwest. New York: Four Winds, 1978.

Ball, Eve. In the Days of Victorio: Recollections of a Warm Springs Apache. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

 

Chiricahua Apache James Kaywaykla told the author the story of the people as he recalled it. Invaluable.

 

----. Indeh: An Apache Odyssey. Provo UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1980.

 

Invaluable. Ball's prizewinning books are classics in the field and should be read by everyone seeking the Chiricahua Apache "side of the story."

 

Ball, Larry D. The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846-1912. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of the North American States and Texas. 2 vols. San Francisco: History Company, 1889.

----. History of Arizona and New Mexico. San Francisco: History Company, 1889.

 

Two of the earliest and still useful research tools.

 

Barnes, Thomas C., Thomas H. Naylor, and Charles W. Polzer. Northern New Spain, A Research Guide. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981.

 

Highly recommended for researchers.

 

Barnes, Will C. Arizona Place Names. Reprint. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988. [End Page 154]

Barnes, William C. Apaches and Longhorns. Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie, 1941.

Barney, James M. Tales of Apache Warfare. Privately printed, James M. Barney, 1933.

----. Forgotten Heroes of the Apache Wars. Phoenix: n.p., 1951.

Barrett, S. M., ed. Geronimo: His Own Story. New York: Dutton Press, 1970.

 

A classic. Geronimo's words were translated by his nephew Asa Daklugie for Barrett. Questions may arise regarding the exactness of Geronimo's words, but a good book nonetheless.

 

Bartlett, John Russell. Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1854.

Basehart, Harry W. Chiricahua Apache Subsistence and Socio-Political Organization. 2 sections. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1959.

Basso, Keith. Western Apache Witchcraft. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1969.

----. The Cibecue Apaches. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.

----. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996.

Basso, Keith, ed. Western Apache Raiding and Warfare from the Notes of Grenville Goodwin. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971.

Basso, Keith H. and Morris E. Opler, eds. Apachean Culture, History, and Ethnology. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 21. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971.

 

Basso is an expert on Western Apache history and culture.

 

Bell, William A. New Tracks in North America: A Journal of Travel and Adventure Whilst Engaged in the Survey for a Southern Railroad to the Pacific Ocean During 1867-68. Albuquerque: Horn and Wallace, 1965.

 

Information recorded by surveyors is one of the areas neglected by many researchers into Chiricahua Apache history. Should not be overlooked.

 

Bennett, James A. Forts and Forays: A Dragoon in New Mexico, 1850-1856. Clinton E. Brooks and Frank D. Reeve, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1948.

Betzinez, Jason with Wilbur Sturtevant Nye. I Fought with Geronimo. Harrisburg PA: Stackpole Press, 1959.

 

As Geronimo's nephew, Betzinez had first-person information about the Chiricahua Apaches' many military campaigns and subsequent imprisonment. Unfortunately this book has been heavily edited by the coauthor and often presents an unrealistic picture of many events. Betzinez's original manuscript is at the University of Oklahoma and deserves reading.

 

Bigelow, John. On the Bloody Trail of Geronimo. Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1958.

Bolton, Herbert E. Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706. New York, n.p., 1916.

----. Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific Coast Pioneer. New York: n.p., 1936. [End Page 155]

----. Outpost of Empire. New York: n.p., 1939.

----. Kino's Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta. 2 vols. Berkeley CA: n.p., 1948.

 

An early writer of people and events on the Spanish colonial frontier, with particular emphasis on Jesuit father Eusebio Francisco Kino, a man much admired for his many accomplishments between 1687 and 1711.

 

Bourke, John Gregory. The Medicine Men of the Apache. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1892.

----. An Apache Campaign in the Sierra Madre: An Account of the Expedition in Pursuit of the Hostile Chiricahua Apaches in the Spring of 1883. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958.

----. On the Border with Crook. Reprint. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

----. "Notes upon the Religion of the Apache Indians." In Apache Medicine Men. New York: Dover Publications, 1993. (An unabridged replication of an Accompanying Paper, "The Medicine-Men of the Apache" [original pages 443-603] in the Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, as originally published by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, in 1892).

 

Bourke was an army officer intimately involved in the many campaigns over the years to catch Geronimo. His writings are quite descriptive and provide a good look at the situations--military and otherwise--pertaining to the capture, culture, and history of the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

Boyer, Ruth and Narcissus Gayton. Apache Mothers & Daughters: Four Generations of a Family. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

 

A descendant of Chief Victorio of the Warm Springs Chiricahua Apaches, Gayton worked with Boyer for several years to produce a sweeping history of her family, including recreated conversations based on assumptions, oral history, and oral tradition.

 

Brandes, Ray. Frontier Military Posts of Arizona. Globe: Dale Stuart King, 1960.

Brandes, Ray, ed. Troopers West: Military & Indian Affairs on the American Frontier. San Diego: Frontier Heritage Press, 1970.

Browne, J. Ross. A Tour through Arizona, 1864, or Adventures in Apache Country. Tucson: n.p., 1950.

----. Adventures in Apache Country: A Tour through Arizona and Sonora, with Notes on the Silver Regions of Nevada. New York: Promontory Press, 1974.

Buchanan, Kimberly M. Apache Women Warriors. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1992.

 

Mostly a restatement of Eve Ball's books.

 

Burlison, Irene. Yesterday and Today in the Life of the Apaches. Philadelphia: n.p., 1973.

The Butterfield Overland Mail Across Arizona. Tucson: Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, 1958.

Carlson, Chip. Tom Horn: Killing Men Is My Specialty: The Definitive History of the Notorious Wyoming Stock Detective. Cheyenne WY: Beartooth Corral, 1991. [End Page 156]

 

Horn's role in military campaigns against the Chiricahua Apaches has been debated for years, with no agreement in sight.

 

Carmony, Neil B., ed. The Civil War in Apacheland: Sergeant George Hand's Diary, California, Arizona, West Texas, New Mexico, 1861-1864. SilverCity NM: High Lonesome Press, 1996.

----. Apache Days and Tombstone Nights: John Clum's Autobiography, 1877-1887. Silver City NM: High Lonesome Books, 1997.

 

Carmony's editing of both books has produced very readable descriptions of two men directly involved with the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

Carpenter, John A. Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964.

 

Howard was the U.S. general directly involved with Cochise's surrender in 1872. His military career was exemplary, as was his faith in God. He became known as the "Christian general" during the Civil War.

 

Carr, Harry. The West Is Still Wild. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932.

Carroll, John M., introduction and preface by Colonel George S. Pappas. The Papers of the Order of Indian Wars. Fort Collins CO: The Old Army Press, 1975.

Castetter, Edward F. and Morris E. Opler. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. A. The Use of Plants for Foods, Beverages, and Narcotics. Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest 3, vol. 4, no. 5. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1936.

 

Often difficult to acquire, this work is nonetheless worth the effort for those mainly interested in ethnobotany.

 

Clark, LaVerne Harrell. They Sang for Horses: The Impact of the Horse on Navajo and Apache Folklore. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966.

Clark, Thomas D. Frontier America: The Story of the Western Movement. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969.

Clendinnen, Inga. Ambivalent Conquests. London: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

 

An English writer with opinions and perspectives on the American West. Impressive.

 

Clum, Woodworth. Apache Agent: The Story of John P. Clum. New York: Houghton

Mifflin, 1936.

 

Written by Clum's son (see Carmony above), this is a subjective rendering of his father's career.

 

Cole, D. C. The Chiricahua Apache, 1846-1876, From War to Reservation. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

 

Written by an author who claims to be Chiricahua Apache.

 

Colley, Charles C. Documents of Southwestern History. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1972.

Collins, Charles. The Great Escape: The Apache Outbreak of 1881. Tucson; Westernlore Press, 1994.

 

On 30 September 1881 about half of the Chiricahua Apaches residing on the [End Page 157] San Carlos Reservation suddenly and unexpectedly left and headed toward Mexico. This work documents the breakout in detail - its origins, its conduct, the pursuit, and the sad result. Wonderful endnotes.

 

Colyer, Vincent. Peace with the Apaches of New Mexico and Arizona, 1871. Tucson: Territorial Press, 1964. (reprint)

 

A member of the Board of Indian Commissioners in 1871, Colyer recorded many of his impressions in diary format. Letters and official U.S. documents round out this little book. Valuable background and insight.

 

Comfort, Will Levington. Apache. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.

Conner, Daniel Ellis. Joseph Reddeford Walker and the Arizona Adventure. Donald Berthrong and Odessa Davenport, eds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.

Cooke, Philip St. George. The Conquest of New Mexico and California: An Historical and Personal Narrative. Glorieta NM: n.p. 1964.

----. Exploring Southwestern Trails, 1846-1854. Ralph Bieber, ed. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1974.

Corbusier, William T. Verde to San Carlos: Recollections of a Famous Army Surgeon and His Observant Family on the Western Frontier, 1869-1886. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971.

Cortes, Jose. Views from the Apache Frontier: Report on the Northern Provinces of New Spain. Elizabeth A. H. John, ed. John Wheat, trans. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.

 

A keen observer of the Native peoples of the borderlands of New Spain, Cortes was a member of the Spanish Royal Corps of Engineers. This report provides the most closely informed, best organized understanding of the Chiricahua Apaches available at the end of the eighteenth century. Also presents a rare glimpse of a sophisticated Spaniard's grasp of the dangers boding the end of the Spanish empire in America.

 

Coues, Elliott. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: the Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garces in His Travels through Sonora, Arizona, and California, 1775-1776. 2 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper, 1900.

Cozzens, Samuel Woodworth. The Marvelous Country: or, Three Years in Arizona and New Mexico, the Apaches' Home. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, 1967.

Cremony, John C. Life with the Apaches. Reprint. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.

 

This account, first published in 1868, unfortunately became a basic source on Apache beliefs. Has since become better understood as an ethnocentric work that often reached unsupportable conclusions.

 

Crook, George. Resume of Operations against the Apache Indians. Omaha: n.p., 1886.

----. General George Crook: His Autobiography. Martin F. Schmidt, ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960. [End Page 158]

 

Written by one of the best-known military officers in the history of military campaigns against the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

Crumrine, N. Ross. Ejidos and Regions of Refuge in Northwestern Mexico. Tucson: Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 46.

Cruse, Thomas. Apache Days and After. Caldwell ID: Caxton Press, 1941.

Davis, Britton. The Truth about Geronimo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.

 

Another account by a military man. Davis writes about the campaign against Geronimo and the personalities involved.

 

Debo, Angie. Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

 

Required reading. A classic that has endured.

 

DeVoto, Bernard. The Year of Decision: 1846. Boston: Little, Brown, 1943.

DiPeso, Charles. The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River Valley,

Southeastern Arizona. Dragoon AZ, n.p., 1953.

Dobie, Frank. Apache Gold & Yaqui Silver. Boston: Little, Brown, 1939.

Doherty, Craig and Katherine M. Doherty. The Apaches and Navajos. Danbury CT: Watts, 1989.

Dubois, John Van Deusen. Campaigns in the West, 1856-1861. George F. Hammond, ed. Tucson: Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, 1949.

Dunn, J. P. Jr. Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West. New York: Archer House, 1969.

Dutton, Bertha P. Indians of the Southwest: Navajo, Pima, Apache. Englewood

Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1975.

Eastman, Elaine Goodale. Pratt: The Red Man's Moses. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.

 

Pratt was superintendent of the Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and an innovator in Indian education who used dubious techniques designed to "civilize and Christianize" Native children. His motto was "Kill the Indian, Save the Man."

 

Ellis, Richard N., ed. New Mexico Historic Documents. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1975.

 

A compendium.

 

Emerson, Dorothy. Among the Mescalero Apaches: The Story of Father Albert Braun, O.F.M. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1973.

The only popular biography of the Franciscan priest who is still loved by most of the Catholic Mescalero, Chiricahua, and Lipan Apaches living on the Mescalero Apache Reservation in New Mexico.

Emory, William. H. Lieutenant Emory Reports: A Reprint of W.H. Emory's Notes of a Military Reconnaissance. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1951.

----. Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. 3 vols. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1987. [End Page 159]

Engelhardt, Father Zephyrin. The Franciscans in Arizona. Harbor Springs, Michigan: n.p., 1899.

 

A rare book and very difficult to find.

 

Erwin, Allen A. Southwest of John H. Slaughter. Glendale CA: Arthur A. Clark, 1965.

 

A biography of a famous rancher and law enforcer in Cochise County, Arizona. Slaughter found an Apache baby, named her "Apache Mae," and became her adopted father.

 

Farish, Thomas Edwin. History of Arizona. 8 vols. San Francisco: n.p., 1915-1918.

Farrer, Claire R. Living Life's Circle:Mescalero Apache Cosmovision. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991.

 

Presents the "base metaphor," an anthropological look at spirituality.

 

----. Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present. Prospect Heights IL: Waveland Press, 1994.

 

Author's experiences on the Mescalero Apache Reservation.

 

Faulk, Odie B. The Geronimo Campaign. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.

 

Concerned with the military campaign's wider historical setting and significance, and with the subsequent sorry record of betrayal of the Indians by the U.S. government.

 

----. Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Ferg, Allan, ed. Western Apache Material Culture: The Goodwin & Guenther Collections. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988.

 

The best descriptions and photographs.

 

Ferris, Robert G., ed. Soldier and Brave: Historic Places Associated with Indian Affairs and the Indian Wars in the Trans-Mississippi West, 2nd ed. Washington DC: n.p., 1971.

Fleming, Paula and Judith Luskey. The North American Indians in Early Photographs. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

Forbes, Jack. Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.

 

A classic that makes use of documents from Spain and Mexico to reach important conclusions.

 

Forrest, Earle R. Lone War Trail of the Apache Kid. Pasadena CA: n.p., 1947.

Frazer, Robert W. Forts of the Old West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.

----. Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977.

----. Forts and Supplies: The Role of the Army in the Economy of the Southwest, 1846-1861. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983.

Frazer, Robert W., ed. Mansfield on the Condition of the Western Forts, 1853-54. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Frey, W. The Apaches of the Rio Grande: A Story of Indian Life. Los Angeles: Westerners, 1978. [End Page 160]

Frisbie, C. J., ed. Southwestern Indian Ritual Drama. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.

Gatewood, Charles B. "The Surrender of Geronimo." Washington DC: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting and Dinner of the Order of Indian Wars of the United States, 1929.

Written by one of the most important military officers in the Geronimo campaigns.

 

Gerald, Rex E. Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain. Museum of New Mexico Research Records no. 7. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1968.

 

Most informative and important for everyone who wants to understand the Spanish colonial frontier.

 

Giese, Dale F. Echoes of the Bugle: Forts of New Mexico. Silver City NM: Dale F. Giese, self-published, 1991.

Goff, John S. Arizona Territorial Officials 2: The Governors, 1863-1912. Cave Creek AZ: Black Mountain Press, 1978.

----. Arizona Historical Dictionary. Cave Creek AZ: Black Mountain Press, 1983.

----. Arizona Territorial Officials 4: The Secretaries, United States Attorneys, Marshals, Surveyors General and Superintendents of Indian Affairs, 1863-1912. Cave Creek AZ: Black Mountain Press, 1988.

Granger, Byrd Howell. Arizona's Names: X Marks the Place. Tucson: Falconer Publishing, 1983.

Goodwin, Grenville. The Social Organization of the Western Apache. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1969.

----. Western Apache Raiding and Warfare. Keith H. Basso, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971.

----. Among the Western Apache: Letters from the Field. Morris Opler, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1972.

 

Goodwin is still thought of and highly respected as a pioneer in documenting Apache culture and history.

 

Goodwin, Grenville & Neil Goodwin. The Apache Diaries: A Father-Son Journey. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.

 

Goodwin's son's poignant search for the father he never knew and, in the process, reclaiming his father's work and building on it. A must-read by everyone interested in the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

Griffen, William. Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

 

Concentrates on the Apaches in the period before the United States-Mexican war. Author focuses on the experiences of the Chiricahua Apaches in southern New Mexico and northern Chihuahua at the Spanish fort and outpost of Janos. How Spaniards dealt with the Chiricahua Apaches and how these Indians adjusted to the new circumstances, learning how to manipulate [End Page 161] the Spaniards and Mexicans while remaining true to their heritage is the heart of this book.

 

----. Utmost Good Faith: Patterns of Apache-Mexican Hostilities in Northern Chihuahua Border Warfare, 1821-1848. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

 

Very valuable in understanding Chiricahua Apache relations during the years following Mexican independence from Spain, and during Mexico's war with the United States.

 

Griffith, A. Kinney. Mickey Free, Manhunter. Caldwell IA: Caxton Press, 1969.

Griffiths, Nicholas and Fernando Cervantes, eds. Spiritual Encounters: Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in Colonial America. Birmingham UK: University of Birmingham Press, 1999.

 

A series of contributions by authors who describe Natives' religious changes, mainly in historical Hispanic America. Published in England.

 

Guy, Donna J. and Thomas E. Sheridan. Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998.

 

Nine historians, three anthropologists, and one sociologist compare andcontrast events that occurred in New Spain between 1500 and 1880, showing that in each region the frontier represented contested ground wherdifferent cultures and polities clashed in ways little understood.

 

Hackett, Charles Wilson, ed. Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773. 3 vols. Washington DC: n.p., 1926-37.

 

A compendium.

 

Hagedorn, Herman. Leonard Wood: A Biography. 2 vols. New York: n.p., 1931.

Hageman, E. R., ed. Fighting Rebels and Redskins: Experiences in Army Life of Colonel George B. Sanford, 1861-1892. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Haley, James. Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait. New York: Doubleday, 1983.

 

Discusses Chiricahua Apache mythology, folklore, religious customs, everyday life, social mores, wars, and leadership. Broad-based examination.

 

Hamilton, Jim. Bows and Arrows of the Native Americans: A Complete Step-by-

Step Guide to Wooden Bows. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1991.

Hamilton, T. N. Native American Bows. York PA: George Shumway, 1972.

Hatfield, Shelley Ann. Chasing Shadows: Apaches and Yaquis Along the United States-Mexico Border, 1876-1911. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998.

 

A good description of the general situation along the border.

 

Hayes, Jess G. Apache Vengeance. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1954.

Hefner, Robert W., ed. Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. [End Page 162]

Should be required reading for all interested in the religious aspect of Indian-white relations.

 

Henry, Will. I, Tom Horn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975.

 

An autobiography, necessarily subjective.

 

Hine, Robert V. Bartlett's West: Drawing the Mexican Boundary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.

Hinton, Richard J. Cochise County in 1877. Chapter 9, "The Babacomori and East." Chapter 12, "Military Posts and Telegraph." Reprinted from The Hand-Book to Arizona: Its Resources, History, Towns, Mines, Ruins, and Scenery. Bisbee AZ: Frontera House Press, n.d.

Hobbs, James. Wild Life in the Far West: Personal Adventures of a Border Mountain Man. Glorieta NM: The Rio Grande Press, 1969.

Hoijer, Harry. Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts with Ethnological Notes by Morris E. Opler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.

 

An early report and invaluable insofar as history and culture are concerned.

 

Hodge, Frederick W. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1971.

 

A general text.

 

Honea, Kenneth. Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest. Popular Series Pamphlet no. 4. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1976.

Horgan, Paul. A Distant Trumpet. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahay, 1960.

Horn, Tom. Life of Tom Horn. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.

 

Another subjective account.

 

Horr, D. Agee, ed. Apache Indians 12. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1974.

Howard, O. O. My Life and Experiences among Our Hostile Indians. Hartford CT: Worthington, 1907.

 

General Howard's book, somewhat fair and quite descriptive.

 

Hoy, Bill. Spanish Terms of the Sonoran Desert Borderlands. Calexico CA: Institute for Border Studies, San Diego State University, 1993.

Hutton, Paul Andrew. Phil Sheridan and His Army: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.

Indian Raids as Reported in the Silver City Enterprise. Silver City NM: William H. Mullane, 1968.

 

Re-creation of newspaper accounts.

 

Jacka, Jerry. Discover Arizona Indians. Phoenix: Arizona Highways, 1979.

 

The official Arizona state magazine, colorful photos, little writing.

 

Jackson, Orick. The White Conquest of Arizona. Los Angeles: Grafton, 1908.

Jackson, Robert H. Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687-1840. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

A sophisticated demographic analysis that permits evaluation of the causes, manifestations, and regional variations of the demographic collapse of mission Indians. [End Page 163] The central finding is that diseases are only part of the explanation of population decline.

 

John, Elizabeth. Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975.

 

A classic and monumental study spanning two and a half centuries, from the earliest contacts in the 1540s to the crumbling of Spanish power in the 1790s. Vivid narrative detail.

 

Johnson, Virginia Weisel. The Unregimented General: A Biography of Nelson A. Miles. Boston: Houghton, 1962.

Miles was the general to whom Geronimo surrendered in 1886. He remains controversial still today.

 

Jones, A. T. Great Register of the County of Cochise, Territory of Arizona, for the Year 1882. Cochise County Recorder's Office, Tombstone.

----. Great Register of the County of Cochise, Territory of Arizona, for the Year of 1884. Cochise County Recorder's Office, Tombstone.

----. Great Register of the County of Cochise, Territory of Arizona, for the Year 1886. Cochise County Recorder's Office, Tombstone.

Jones, Okah L. Jr. Nueva Vizcaya: Heartland of the Spanish Frontier. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

Kessell, John L. Mission of Sorrows: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

 

One of the best-liked texts describing the mission system on the Spanishcolonial frontier.

 

----. Friars, Soldiers and Reformers: Hispanic Arizona and the Sonora Mission

Frontier, 1767-1856. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976.

 

A classic and a must-read for everyone interested in the interactions between Natives and Spaniards.

 

King, Charles. Sunset Pass; or, Running the Gauntlet Through Apache Land. New York: John W. Lovell, 1890.

King, James. War Eagle: A Life of General Eugene A. Carr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963.

Kinniard, Lawrence, trans. and ed. The Frontiers of New Spain: Nicolas de la Fora's Description, 1766-1768. Berkeley: n.p., 1958.

Kraft, Louis. Gatewood & Geronimo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.

 

The first recreation of Gatewood's final mission, this work poignantly recalls the U.S. government's betrayal of the Chiricahuas, Geronimo, and Gatewood at the campaign's end. Emphasis and focus on Gatewood.

 

Lane, Jack E., ed. Chasing Geronimo: The Journal of Leonard Wood, May-September 1886. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970.

Laubin, Reginald and Gladys Laubin. American Indian Archery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. [End Page 164]

Laurell, Estelle. Newspapers and Periodicals of Arizona, 1859-1911. Tucson: University of Arizona Bulletin No. 15 (1949)

Leckie, Shirley A. Angie Debo: Pioneering Historian. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.

 

First biography of Debo and the first assessment of the significance of her life and writings. Sheds light on her family's background, her personality, and the impact of gender discrimination on her career. Debo was well known for studies about Native groups that presented their points of view, and for her biography of Geronimo.

 

Lekson, Stephen H. Nana's Raid: Apache Warfare in Southern New Mexico, 1881. Southwestern Studies Series No. 81. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1987.

 

A small but important work describing a remarkable leader in his seventies and his failed attempt to keep his people free.

 

Lieder, Michael and Jake Page. Wild Justice: The People of Geronimo vs. The United States. New York: Random House, 1997.

 

Purports to be a study of an Apache band tested in battle and in the courtroom, but is actually a history of the Indian Claims Commission.

 

Lister, Florence C. and Robert H. Lister. Chihuahua: Storehouse of Storms. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966.

Lockwood, Frank C. The Apache Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.

 

A careful and complete dispassionate synthesis for the general reader or beginning researcher.

 

Loomis, Noel M. and Abraham P. Nasatir. Pedro Vial and the Roads to Santa Fe. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967.

Lummis, Charles F. The Land of Poco Tiempo. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928.

----. General Crook and the Apache Wars. Flagstaff AZ: n.p., 1966.

 

Selected dispatches that originally appeared in the Los AngelesTimes during April and May 1886, written by reporter Lummis.

 

----. Dateline Fort Bowie: Charles Fletcher Lummis Reports on an Apache War. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.

 

Edited by Dan L. Thrapp, this work contains every dispatch sent by Lummis from Ft. Bowie. This is the first time the complete record Lummis accumulated has been reproduced.

 

Ludwig, Larry L. and James L. Stute. The Battle at K-H Butte: Apache Outbreak 1881, Arizona. Tucson: Westernlore Press, 1993.

 

A detailed description of the battle that provides insight into Apache warfare and an opportunity to learn about battlefield archeology in Arizona.

 

Lutrell, Estelle. Newspapers and Periodicals of Arizona 1859-1911. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1950.

Lyon, William H. Those Old Yellow Dog Days: Frontier Journalism in Arizona, 1859-1912. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1994. [End Page 165]

McCall, George A. New Mexico in 1850: A Military View. Robert W. Frazer, ed.

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968.

McCarty, Kieran, O.F.M. Desert Documentary: The Spanish Years, 1767-1827. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1976.

 

A rare book, but well worth the effort to find.

 

----. Frontier Documentary: Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997.

 

Documents from Sonoran archives that illuminate the heart and soul of Mexican Tucson. Borderlands scholars and general readers will benefit from this work by the noted Franciscan author.

 

McDermott, John D. A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West. Lincoln: University

of Nebraska Press, 1998.

 

Tells why the wars occurred, who the participants were, explains the circumstances underlying battles, analyzes the significance of the events, and discusses the results. Most informative for everyone interested in this genre.

 

McGaw, William Cochrane. Savage Scene: The Life and Times of James Kirker, Frontier King. New York: Hastings House, 1972.

 

Kirker was known as a scalp-hunter during the middle 1830s.

 

McKissick, Patricia. The Apache. Danbury CT: Children's Press, 1984. Mails, Thomas E. The People Called Apache. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1974.

 

A large, coffee table-sized book containing detailed descriptions and much information for the beginning researcher. Fine sketches and illustrations.

 

Manje, Juan Mateo. Luz de Tierra Incognita: Unknown Arizona and Sonora 1693-1701. Harry J. Karns, trans. Tucson: Arizona Silhouettes, 1954.

 

A rare book. Manje describes, in diary form, the expeditions he made into the Spanish colonial frontier with Father Eusebio Kino. According to Karns, the book's first eight chapters were written in 1716 but appear to be based on notes Manje recorded during the expeditions. Contains a great deal of useful information, typically recording distances between settlements, good pasturage and agricultural lands, and population densities (including number of houses and adobe houses and churches built for future priests by Kino's request). Details his 1697 expedition with Kino and Captain Cristobal Martin Bernal down the San Pedro River.

 

Mardock, Robert Winston. The Reformers and the American Indians. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press, 1971.

Marion, John H. Notes of Travel Through the Territory of Arizona, Being an

Account of the Trip Made by General George Stoneman and Others in the Autumn of 1870. Donald M. Powell, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965.

Mazzanovich, Anton. Trailing Geronimo. Los Angeles: Gem Press, 1926.

 

A classic. Should be read with the climate of the times in mind. [End Page 166]

 

Meed, Douglas V. They Never Surrendered: Bronco Apaches of the Sierra Madres, 1890-1935. Tucson: Westernlore Press, 1993.

 

A story about the Apaches who remained free in Mexico after Geronimo's final surrender.

 

Melody, Michael E. Apache. New York: Chelsea House, 1989.

Memorial and Affidavits Showing Outrages Perpetrated by Apache Indians in theTerritory of Arizona for the Years 1869-1870. San Francisco: Francis & Valentine, Printers, 1871.

 

Excellent presentation of testimonies from individuals affected by Chiricahua Apache raids in the middle 1800s.

 

Miles, Nelson A. Personal Recollections and Observations. Chicago: Werner Press, 1896.

 

Personal memoir that ranges over time and space, taking into account fur traders, trailblazers, gold seekers, missionaries, and military.

 

----. Serving the Republic: Memoirs of the Civil and Military Life of Nelson

A. Miles. Freeport NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971.

 

More of same.

 

Miller, Darlis. Soldiers and Settlers: Military Supply in the Southwest, 1861-1865. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989.

Miller, Joseph, ed. Arizona Cavalcade: The Turbulent Times. New York: Hastings House, 1962.

Miller, Tom, ed. Arizona: The Land & the People. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986.

Monaghan, Jay. Last of the Bad Men: The Legend of Tom Horn. New York: Knopf, 1946.

 

More of same.

 

Moorhead, Max. The Apache Frontier: Jacobo Ugarte and Spanish-Indian Relations in Northern New Spain, 1769-1791. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968.

 

A classic. Relates how Ugarte faced the Chiricahua Apache situation and the extent to which he was able to solve it using a new Indian policy adopted by Spain in 1786.

 

----. The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.

 

First full account of a fortified outpost in Chiricahua Apache country. Was also a market center, sanctuary, social unit, religious outpost, and administrative seat that supported Spain's effort in northern Mexico.

 

Murphy, Lawrence R. Indian Agent in New Mexico: The Journal of Special Agent W.F.M. Arny, 1870. Santa Fe: Stagecoach Press, 1967.

----. Frontier Crusader--William F. M. Arny. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1972.

Nentivg, Juan, S.J. Rudo Ensayo: A Description of Sonora and Arizona in 1764. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1980. [End Page 167]

 

A classic and must-read to understand Indian-white relations on the Spanish colonial frontier.

 

Nye, W. S. Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938.

 

More than a soldier's story of an army post, this work is a complete and colorful tale of the conflicts and contacts of the white man and the Indian in what is now Oklahoma and Northern Texas. It is also a basic book of southern Great Plains military activities.

 

Och, Joseph, S. J. Missionary in Sonora: The Travel Reports of Joseph Och, S.J., 1755-1767.

Theodore Treutlein, trans. San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1965.

Ogle, Ralph H. Federal Control of the Western Apaches, 1848-1886. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970.

 

A must-read.

 

Opler, Morris. Myths and Tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1969.

----. Apache Odyssey: A Journey between Two Worlds. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1985.

----. An Apache Lifeway: The Economic, Social, & Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Reprint. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.

Opler, Morris E., ed. Grenville Goodwin among the Western Apache. Tucson: University of Arizona, Press. 1973.

 

All of Opler's works are required reading for everyone interested in the culture and history of the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

Ove, Robert S. and H. Henrietta Stockel. Geronimo's Kids: A Teacher's Lessons on the Apache Reservation. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997.

 

Ove lived among the Chiricahua Apaches from 1948 to 1950, taught their children, and the people taught him. A memoir.

 

Page, Elizabeth M. In Camp and Teepee: An Indian Mission Story. New York: The Board of Publication and Bible-School Work of the Reformed Church in America, 1915.

 

A rare book.

 

Parmee, Edward A. Formal Education and Culture Change: A Modern Apache Community and Government Education Programs. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1968.

Peckham, Stewart. Prehistoric Weapons in the Southwest. Popular Series Pamphlet no. 3. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1965.

Pellman, Evelyn. The Mescalero Apache Tribe Presents the Debut of Its Most Honored Maidens. El Paso: McMath Co., 1950.

 

Pellman is a Mescalero Apache with firsthand information about the most important sacred rite: the puberty ceremony.

 

Perry, Richard J. Apache Reservation: Indigenous Peoples & the American State. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.

 

The San Carlos Apache Reservation of Arizona provides the lens through [End Page 168] which Perry views reservation issues. Perry argues that the reservation system is best understood in terms of competition for resources among interest groups through time within the hegemony of the state. He asserts that full control over their resources and their lives would address many of the Apaches' contemporary economic problems.

 

Perrone, Bobette, H. Henrietta Stockel, and Victoria Kreuger. Medicine Women, Curanderas, and Women Doctors. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.

 

One interview is with Tu Moonwalker, noted Apache basketmaker.

 

Pfefferkorn, Ignaz. Sonora, A Description of the Province. Theodore E. Treutlein, trans. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1949.

 

A geographic, historical, and ethnographic description written by an eighteenth-century Jesuit who spent eleven years on the frontier as a missionary.

 

Pohanka, Brian C., ed. Nelson A. Miles: A Documentary Biography of His Military Career, 1861-1903. Glendale CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1985.

Polzer, Charles W., S.J. Rules and Precepts of the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976.

 

Excellent. A translation of the authorities that governed mission expansion in northwestern New Spain during the 1600s and 1700s, presenting a study of the requirements under which the missionaries labored. Author explores the inner workings of the mission system and discusses the more important methods of proselytizing employed by the missionaries and shows how the mission organization evolved from simple evangelization to a complex social institution.

 

----. Kino Guide II: A Life of Eusebio Francisco Kino--A Guide to His Missions and Monuments. Tucson: Southwestern Mission Research Center, 1982.

----. The Jesuit Missions of Northern Mexico. New York: Garland Publications, 1991.

 

All of Polzer's works should be required reading for everyone who wants to understand the interactions on the Spanish colonial frontier.

 

Pope, Saxton T. Hunting with the Bow & Arrow. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1925.

----. Bows and Arrows. Reprint. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

Porter, Joseph C. Paper Medicine Man, John Gregory Bourke and His American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.

 

A popular biography of Bourke.

 

Poston, Charles D. Building a State in Apache Land. Tempe AZ: n.p., 1963.

Pratt, Richard H. Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867-1904. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1964.

 

Pratt was superintendent of the Carlisle Indian School. A memoir.

 

Priest, Loring Benson. Uncle Sam's Stepchildren. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1942.

 

An excellent depiction of Indians and the U.S. government. [End Page 169]

 

Prucha, Francis Paul, S.J. The Churches and the Indian Schools, 1888-1912. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

 

Addresses the tension and conflict between Protestants and Catholics over Indian schools at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

 

----. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

----. The Indians in American Society from the Revolutionary War to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

----. Handbook for Research in American History: A Guide to Bibliographies and Other Reference Works. 2d ed. Revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

 

An excellent tool for historians of all interests and levels of experience, simple to use and concisely worded. A reference work that is utilitarian and enriching. Does not duplicate existing works.

 

Prucha, Francis Paul, S.J., ed. Documents of United States Indian Policy. 2nd ed. Expanded. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

 

A selection of essential documents which marked significant formulations of policy in the conduct of Indian affairs by the U.S. government.

 

Pumpelly, Raphael. Pumpelly's Arizona: An Excerpt from "Across America and Asia" by Raphael Pumpelly, Comprising Those Chapters which Concern the Southwest. Andrew Wallace, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965.

Quintero, Nita. "Coming of Age the Apache Way." In Lyn Reese, Jean Wilkinson, and Phyllis Sheon Koppelman, eds. I'm On My Way Running: Women Speak on Coming of Age. New York: Avon Books, 1980.

Radding, Cynthia. Wandering Peoples: Colonialism, Ethnic Spaces, and Ecological Frontiers in Northwestern Mexico, 1700-1850. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1997.

 

A chronicle of cultural resiliency, colonial relations and trespassed frontiers in the borderlands of a changing Spanish empire. Anthropological history that presents multilayered meanings of culture, community, and ecology and discusses both the colonial policies to which peasant communities were subjected and the responses they developed to adapt and resist them.

 

Raht, Carlyle Graham. The Romance of Davis Mountains. Odessa TX: Rahtbooks, 1963.

Reagan, Albert B. Notes of the Indians of the Fort Apache Region. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 31, part 5. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1930.

Reedstrom, E. Lisle. Apache Wars: An Illustrated Battle History. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995.

Ricard, Robert. The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An Essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain: 1523-1572. Lesley Byrd Simpson, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.

 

A rare book and a must-read. [End Page 170]

 

Rickey, Don. Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Roberts, David. Once They Moved Like the Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

 

A nice study, but not frequently referenced by scholars.

 

Ruxton, George Frederick Augustus. Life in the Far West. Leroy R. Hafen, ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951.

Sandomingo, Manuel. Historia de Sonora. Agua Prieta, Sonora: n.p., 1953.

Santee, Ross. Apache Land. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

 

A work about the Apaches and their country by an author who likes the people but doesn't have any illusions about them.

 

Schmidt, Martin F., ed. General George Crook: His Autobiography. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.

 

Crook spent his entire military career, with the exception of the Civil War years, on the American frontier. He earned the distinction of being the lowest-ranking West Point cadet to ever rise to the rank of major general. This autobiography covers the period from his graduation in 1852 to 18 June 1876. Crook was well liked by the Chiricahua Apaches, but this work doesn't address his relations with them.

 

Schroeder, Albert H. A Study of the Apache Indians, Parts 1, 2, 3. American Ethnohistory: Indians of the Southwest, vol. 1, "Apache Indians." David Agee Horr, ed. New York: Garland Publishing, 1974.

----. A Study of the Apache Indians, Parts 4 and 5. American Indian Ethnohistory: Indians of the Southwest, vol. 4, "Apache Indians." New York: Garland Publishing, 1974.

Schuetz, Mardith. Archeology of Tom Jeffords' Chiricahua Indian Agency.

Monograph No. 6. Las Cruces NM: Coas, 1986.

 

A most interesting study of the results of excavations.

 

Schwatka, Frederick. Among the Apaches. Palmer Lake CO: Filter Press, 1974.

 

A first-person account of the life of a group of Apaches after most of their luck had run out.

 

Simmons, Marc. Massacre on the Lordsburg Road: A Tragedy of the Apache Wars.

College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1997.

 

Recounts the raids leading up to the massacre by Chiricahua Apaches of the McComas family during their journey on a desolate road in southwestern New Mexico territory. Author constructs the full story from long-buried fragments of history and in broader terms he sketches the cultural friction between settlers and Apaches.

 

Skinner, Woodward B. Geronimo at Fort Pickens. Pensacola FL: Skinner Publications, 1981.

 

An eighteen-page softcover description of a little-known moment in American history. [End Page 171]

 

----. The Apache Rock Crumbles: The Captivity of Geronimo's People. Pensacola FL: Skinner Publications, 1987.

 

Reconstructed mainly from newspaper reports, this book describes a terrible time in Chiricahua Apache history.

 

Sladen, Joseph Alton and Edwin R. Sweeney, eds. Making Peace with Cochise: The 1872 Journal of Captain Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

 

A personal account of General Oliver O. Howard's mission to find and make peace with Cochise in 1872. Sladen was a member of Howard's party and this account presents a detailed description of that event.

 

Sloan, Richard E. Memories of an Arizona Judge. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1932.

Smith, Cornelius C. Jr. Fort Huachuca: The Story of a Frontier Post. Fort Huachuca AZ: n.p., 1977.

Soldier and Brave: Historic Places Associated with Indian Affairs and the Indian Wars in the Trans-Mississippi West. Washington DC: National Park Service, 1971.

Sonnichsen, C. L. The Mescalero Apaches. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.

Sonnichsen, C. L., ed. Geronimo and the End of the Apache Wars. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

 

A collection of writings about the Chiricahua Apaches. Contains articles by the author, Edwin R. Sweeney, Charles B. Gatewood, and Samuel E. Kenoi, and a list of the basic writings about the topic.

 

Sparks, William. The Apache Kid, a Bear Fight and Other True Stories of the Old West. Los Angeles: Skelton Publishing, 1926.

Spicer, Edward H. Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976.

 

A classic.

 

Spring, John. John Spring's Arizona. A. M. Gustafson, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966.

Stanley, Francis. The Apaches of New Mexico, 1540-1940. Pampa TX: Pampa Print Shop, 1962.

Stockel, H. Henrietta. Women of the Apache Nation: Voices of Truth. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991.

 

Based on years of research, dozens of hours of interviews, and personal friendships, this work sheds light on some of the mysteries surrounding traditional and contemporary Chiricahua Apache cultures. Presents interviews with modern Chiricahua Apache women.

 

----. Survival of the Spirit: Chiricahua Apaches in Captivity. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1993. [End Page 172]

 

The only existing full account of the twenty-seven years of imprisonment and the effects of diseases on the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

----. Chiricahua Apache Women and Children: Safekeepers of the Heritage. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2000.

 

Presents a close look at women's traditional customs.

 

Stout, Joseph A. Apache Lightning: The Last Great Battles of the Ojo Calientes. New York: n.p., 1974.

Stratton, Royal B. Captivity of the Oatman Girls. New York: Carlton & Porter, 1858.

Sweeney, Edwin R. Merejildo Grijalva: Apache Captive, Army Scout. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1992.

 

This remarkable man was captured in 1849, as a nine-year-old, and lived for ten years among them. He later became one of the most important scouts in Arizona history.

 

----. Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.

 

A must-read. This biography traces Cochise's activities in exhaustive detail in both the United States and Mexico. The work will stand as the major source for all that is yet to be written on Cochise.

 

----. Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

 

A must-read biography of one of the most famous Chiricahua Apache chiefs.

 

Tanner, Clara Lee. Apache Indian Baskets. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.

Tatum, Lawrie. Our Red Brothers and the Peace Policy of President U.S. Grant. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.

 

A close look at one of the most important policies in American history dealing with Indian peoples.

 

Taylor, William B. and Franklin Pease, G.Y., eds. Violence, Resistance and Survival in the Americas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Terrell, John U. Apache Chronicle. New York: World Press, 1972.

Tevis, James Henry. Arizona in the '50s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1954.

 

Excellent background information.

 

Thomas, Alfred Barnaby. After Coronado: Spanish Exploration Northeast of New Mexico, 1696-1727. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.

Thomas, Alfred Barnaby, ed. and trans. Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932.

----. Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941.

Thrapp, Dan L. Al Sieber: Chief of Scouts. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.

 

Using a considerable amount of unpublished material, including several [End Page 173] eyewitness accounts, the author details the many expeditions which led to ultimate victory and Sieber's many roles in his relations with the Chiricahua Apaches.

 

----. The Conquest of Apacheria. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967. No better account of the Apache wars.

----. General Crook and the Sierra Madre Adventure. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972.

 

Author describes in detail the 1883 military expedition to find the Chiricahua Apaches, retracing the route into the Sierra Madre. Also delineates the chain of events leading to the expedition.

 

----. Juh: An Incredible Indian. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1973. Sets the record straight about this extraordinary man who displayed leadership, imagination in battle, awareness of strategy and tactics, and had an ability to effectively employ and discipline his followers.

----. Victorio and the Mimbres Apaches. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974.

A classic that provides the first comprehensive account of these Apaches from their first contacts with white people in 1849 until the tragedy of 1880. Is also the first accurate biography of Victorio, one of the greatest and most vigorous of America's Indian leaders.

----. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. 4 vols. Glendale CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1988. Paperback, 4 vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991.

 

Required for all students of American frontier history.

 

Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. Richard Howard, trans. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.

 

A fascinating study of cultural confrontation in the New World with implications beyond sixteenth century America. Offers an original interpretation of both Columbus's discovery and the Spaniards' subsequent conquest, colonization, and destruction of pre-Columbian cultures in Mexico and the Caribbean.

 

Tolman, Newton F. The Search for General Miles. New York: n.p., 1968.

Traywick, Ben T. Thunder Fort: The Story of Fort Huachuca. Tombstone AZ: Traywick, 1972.

----. Tyazalton (Red Beard): The Story of Thomas Jefferson Jeffords and His Friend, Cochise. Tombstone: Red Marie's Book Store, 1987.

Treat, James, ed. Native and Christian: Indigenous Voices on Religious Identity in the United States and Canada. New York: Routledge, 1996.

 

First work to address the problem of religious identity from a contemporary Native Christian perspective. A groundbreaking work.

 

Turcheneske, John Anthony Jr. The Chiricahua Apache Prisoners of War: Fort Sill 1894-1914. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997. [End Page 174]

 

A must-read for an understanding of the Chiricahua Apaches' last twenty years of confinement.

 

Turner, Katherine C. Red Men Calling on the Great White Father. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951.

Utley, Robert M. Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865. New York: Macmillan Press, 1967.

----. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891. Wars of the United States. Louis Morton, ed. New York: Macmillan Press, 1967.

----. Historical Report on Fort Bowie, Arizona. Santa Fe: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1967.

----. A Clash of Cultures: Fort Bowie and the Chiricahua Apaches. Washington DC: National Park Service, 1977.

----. The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846-1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.

 

All of this author's works should be read and remembered.

 

Van Orden, Jay. Geronimo's Surrender: The 1886 C. S. Fly Photographs. Museum Monograph No. 8. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1991.

 

A small but important, and most appreciated, photo essay.

 

Voss, Stuart F. On the Periphery of Nineteenth Century Mexico: Sonora and Sinaloa, 1810-1877. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.

Wagoner, Jay J. Arizona Territory, 1863-1891: A Political History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

----. Early Arizona: Prehistory to the Civil War. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1975.

Walker, Henry P. and Don Bufkin. Historical Atlas of Arizona. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.

Weaver, Thomas, ed. The Indians of Arizona: A Contemporary Perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1947.

Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

 

Prizewinning definitive history of the Spanish colonial period in North America.

 

----, ed. New Spain's Northern Frontier: Essays on Spain in the American West, 1540-1821. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.

Wellman, Paul I. Death in the Desert: The Fifty Years' War for the Great Southwest. New York: Macmillan, 1935.

----. The Indians Wars of the West. New York: n.p., 1947.

Welsh, Herbert. The Apache Prisoners in Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida. Philadelphia: Indian Rights Association, 1887.

 

A rare book but well worth the effort to find. [End Page 175]

 

Wharfield, Colonel H. B. Apache Indian Scouts. El Cajon CA: n.p., 1914.

----. With Scouts and Cavalry at Fort Apache. Tucson: Arizona Pioneers Historical Society, 1965.

----. Cibicu Creek Fight in Arizona, 1881. El Cajon CA: n.p., 1971.

Whitney, E. C. and T. H. Whitney. History and Capture of Geronimo and Apache Indians: Prisoners in Fort Marion. St. Augustine FL: published by authors, 1887.

Williamson, R. A., ed. Archeoastronomy in the Americas. Los Altos CA: Ballena Press and College Park, 1982.

Wood, Leonard, M.D. Chasing Geronimo: The Journal of Leonard Wood, May-September 1886. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970.

Wooster, Robert. Nelson A. Miles and the Twilight of the Frontier Army. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Worcester, Donald E. The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.

 

Highlights the many defensive stands and brilliant assaults the Chiricahua Apaches made on their enemies.

 

Wormser, Richard. The Yellowlegs: The Story of the United States Cavalry. New York: n.p., 1966.

Wyatt, Edgar. Geronimo: The Last Apache War Chief. New York: Whittlesey House, 1952.

Wyllys, Rufus Kay. Arizona, the History of a Frontier State. Phoenix AZ: Hobson & Herr, 1950.